“Cogito ergo sum,” Latin for “I think, therefore I am,” was coined by the 17th-century French philosopher René Descartes, who asserted that while we could doubt everything, the very act of doubt presupposes a thinking self that exists.

A thought experiment is a hypothetical scenario crafted within the mind to probe and dissect complex ideas, issues, or theories.

The Socratic Paradox, famously attributed to the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates, encapsulates a profound truth: the more we learn, the more we realize how much there is to know, and how little we actually grasp.

Liking Tendency refers to the cognitive bias where individuals are more inclined to favor people, products, or ideas that they like, are familiar with, or relate to in some manner.

A pari-mutuel system is a way of dividing a pot among winners relative to the amount they've contributed, adjusted based on the total contributions of all participants.

Hanlon's Razor is a mental shortcut that advises against assuming ill intent when incompetence or ignorance might suffice as an explanation.

The Dunning-Kruger Effect is a cognitive bias that describes the paradoxical relationship between one's competence and their confidence in that competence.

Multiplying by Zero is a powerful metaphor to help us understand the vulnerabilities in any system, project, or personal endeavor.

Double-Loop Learning describes the process of deeply questioning every aspect of our decision-making and challenging the underlying beliefs and assumptions we hold.

Margin of Safety represents the difference between the intrinsic value of something and its market price.

The Theory of Unconscious Thinking suggests that our brains can process information and find solutions even when we're not actively thinking about the problem.

The Personal Potential Trap is a psychological concept describing the situation where an individual is unable to grow or change because they are trapped by the expectation or belief of their own potential.

Game Theory is a mathematical framework that explores interactive situations where the outcomes for an individual depend not just on their own decisions, but also on the decisions made by others.

Post hoc ergo propter hoc is a Latin phrase that refers to the logical fallacy occurs when one event is assumed to have caused a subsequent event simply because it occurred before the subsequent event.

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics that asserts that it is impossible to precisely and simultaneously determine the exact position and momentum of a particle.

The Planning Fallacy is a cognitive bias that causes people to underestimate the time they will need to complete a task, despite knowing that similar tasks have typically taken longer in the past.

The Johari Window helps people better understand their relationship with themselves and others through four key perspectives.

The Pygmalion Effect refers to the psychological phenomenon in which higher expectations lead to an increase in performance.

Apophenia is the human tendency to perceive meaningful connections between unrelated things.

The Ringelmann Effect is a phenomenon in social psychology that observes that the individual productivity of a person decreases as the size of their group increases.